مميزات برنامج Keyword Elite
هناك الكثير من الناس يستخدمون هذا البرنامج ولكن بسرية تامة!!
الكثير منهم لا يريدون أن يفصحوا عن ذلك
لماذا يا ترى؟
الآن ستعلم السبب
حسناً كما ذكرت مسبقاً فإن مميزات هذا البرنامج لا تقتصر على الـ google adsense بل أيضاً على محركات البحث و google adwords وكيفية جلب الزوار وانشاء مواضيع اتوماتيكيا.. الخ
لكن هنا سأذكر فقط ما ستحتاجه أنت من هذا البرنامج وفي صفحة الشرح سأقوم أيضاً بشرح ما تريده من هذا البرنامج بالفيديو..
كما تعلم ان السر الذي يفصل بين الأرباح الكثيرة والأرباح القليلة مع قوقل ادسنس هو الـ keywords أي الكلمات المفتاحية
وعلى هذا الأساس فإن جوجل ادسنس تقوم بإظهار الإعلانات في موقعك بما يناسب مع هذه الكلمات المفتاحية
فإن كنت استخدمت كلمات مفتاحية ذات قيمة عالية ستجني أرباح كثيرة
وإن كنت استخدمت كلمات مفتاحية ذات قيمة منخفضة ستجني أرباح قليلة
السؤال هنا
كيف يمكنك التعرف على الكلمات ذات القيمة العالية؟
هناك بعض المواقع تقوم بوضع قائمة وفيها كلمات مفتاحية وقيمتها.. وهذه المواقع غير موثوقة لأن مصادرها غير معروفة.. بمعنى آخر (كذب x كذب)
أما برنامج Keyword Elite فيكون مصدره مباشرة من قوقل.. وإذا تغيرت قيمة الكلمة المفتاحية ستكون على علم بذلك..
ليس هذا فحسب بل عند اختيارك كلمة مفتاحية تستطيع انشاء مقال كامل يتضمن هذه الكلمة المفتاحية بضغطة زر!
في هذه اللحظة أنا أجزم بأنك لست مقتنع بأهمية هذا البرنامج لكن سأقوم بشرح ماسبق بطريقة عملية
لنفرض أنه بعد أن قمت بوضع كود اعلانات جوجل في موقعك أصبحت تحصل على 25 نقرة في اليوم الواحد
ولنفرض أن الأرباح التي تقوم شركة قوقل بإعطائها لك هو 50% من قيمة النقرات
طبعا قوقل تقوم بوضع نسب مختلفة لكل موقع لكن هذا على سبيل الافتراض
حسنا دعنا نقول انك لم تراعي الكلمات المفتاحية
فكان متوسط ربحك لكل نقرة 5. سنت
بالتالي سيكون ربحك اليومي من جوجل ادسنس = 1.25$
وربحك الشهري = 37.5$ فقط وربما أقل
لكن لو قمت باستخدام هذا البرنامج وقمت بمعرفة قيمة كل كلمة مفتاحية
عندها بالتأكيد ستقوم باستخدام الكلمات المفتاحية العالية القيمة
فلو فرضنا أنه بعد تطبيقك لذلك أصبح متوسط ربحك لكل نقرة = 75. سنت (هناك نقرات تساوي اكثر من ذلك بكثير)
بالتالي سيكون ربحك اليومي من جوجل أدسنس = 18.75$
وربحك الشهري = 562.5$
بالطبع هناك أرباح أكثر لكن هل أدركت الآن الفرق بين
أن تجني 37.5$ في الشهر وبين 562.5$
وتخيل أنك قمت بانشاء مواقع اخرى لتضع فيها اعلانات جوجل ادسنس
كم ستكون ارباحك يا ترى؟؟
موقع يجني 500 واخر 200 واخر 1000 وهكذا!!
وكل هذا بمعرفة السر لذلك
وهو الـ Keyword Elite
لاشك أن هذا البرنامج سيكون سلاحك السري
يجب أن تملكه مهما كان الثمن فإنه بالفعل يستحق ذلك
ودعني أقولها لك بصراحة إن أكبر خطأ سترتكبه مع جوجل أدسنس هو تجاهل هذا البرنامج!
وللعلم هذا البرنامج محمي ولا يوجد منه نسخ مجانية.. وحتى النسخ المدفوعة تم تخصيص عدد محدود للبيع كما ذكر مبرمج هذا البرنامج في موقعه
مجانا هنا
http://rapidshare.com/files/25581906/salomon-cresus0.rar
Monday, July 30, 2007
شرح Google Adsens و اسراراه
السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاتهجوجل ادسنس !!ما هي جوجل ادسنس ؟الكثير منا لا يعرف ما هي جوجل ادسنس أو معلوماته ضبابية عنها للأسف، لكن الحقيقة أنها إعصار اجتاح كل المواقع على الانترنت ، و قد لا تجد موقعا يخلوا من إعلانات جوجل ادسنس فلماذا لا نستفيد من هذا الطوفان بأكبر قدر ممكن ؟أولا هناك نوعين Google Adsense و Google Adwords Google Adwords تحتاجها إن كنت تريد الإعلان عن موقعك فيمكنك شراء إعلانات في نتائج بحث جوجل التي تظهر على اليسار ان كنتم تلاحظونها عند استخدامكم جوجل .(( هذا شرح للأخ مؤيد لهذا النظام ))فهنا أنت الطرف المعلن لدى جوجل .ماذا تفعل جوجل هنا ؟جوجل لديها الكثير من المعلنين عبر نظام Google Adwords فهل تكفي نتائج البحث في محرك بحث جوجل ؟ طبعا لا.هناك طرف آخر مستقبل للإعلانات يسمى نظام Google Adsense وهو نظام تأخد منه من جوجل إعلانات Google Adwords لكي تضعها عندك .ماذا ستستفيد أنت أو جوجل ؟الكل سيكون سعيدا في النهاية ، و إليك التفاصيل :هناك 3 أطراف في هذه العملية 1 – أنت . 2 – جوجل . 3 – المعلن .1 – ستستفيد أنت عمولات على كل نقرة ينقرها زائر لموقعك لإعلانات جوجل .2 – ستستفيد جوجل جزء من قيمة هذه النقرة لها دون تعب فهي هنا تلعب دور الوسيط بينك و بين المعلن فتضمن لك حقك وتضمن له إعلاناته بدون غش ( وسنرجع لنقطة الغش لأنها مهمة جدا )3 – المعلن سيستفيد أن إعلاناته انتشرت على مساحة ضخمة من المواقع دون أن يحتاج أن يدفع غير للزائر لإعلانه فقط .إذا فكل هنا له دور و مصلحة و الكل هنا سعيد .لكن بصراحة لماذا يفشل الكثيرين ؟ و لماذا تحذف الكثير من الحسابات !!في الحقيقة أن العيب ليس من جوجل ادسنس فلديها نظام قاس جدا في التعامل مع المخالفات و هو حذف الحساب بدون سابق إنذار وهنا نعود باللوم عليها، سوف اذكر هنا بعض أسباب حذف الحساب :طبعا أهم سبب هو أن تقوم أنت بالنقر على الإعلانات التي في موقعك و طبعا لا يتم إنذارك حتى تصل إلى مبلغ الباي اوت فتجد أن في أيميلك الرسالة التي تزف لك خبر حذف حسابك.أو أن يكون في موقعك جمل باللغة العربية أو صور أو أي شيء يحفز الزوار على النقر على إعلاناتك، طبعا و للأسف ألاحظ الكثير من المواقع التي يمتلكها عرب بهذا الأسلوب.لا تظن نفسك قد خدعت جوجل بان استلمت أول شيك مثلا فقد يطير حسابك في أي وقت عند افتضاح أمرك .أيضا نشر روابط موقعك في غرف الشات أو أن تعمل بها سبام و غيرها من الطرق هذه سبب أكيد لحذف حسابك . و هناك الكثير في شروط جوجل ادسنس لكن العرب لا يحبون القراءة بالذات إن كانت شروط و قوانين .هل هذا معناه أن الربح من جوجل مستحيل و أن ربحنا سوف يلغى حسابنا !لاالأمر بسيط جدا، كل ما عليك هو أن تهتم أولا بمحتوى موقعك. الزائر لم يأتي موقعك كي ترغمه على النقر على الإعلانات فلقد جاء إليك كي يستفيد بمعلومة أو بخدمة و كلما كان موقعك قيما كلما مكث وقت أكثر في موقعك و ضغط على إعلانات أكثر و أكثر ن وسوف يرجع لموقعك مرة أخرى و ربما دعى المزيد إليك. فلماذا لا نهتم بهذه النقطة مع أنها الأهم و نهتم فقط في كيفية الغش المثلى ؟هناك عنصر مهم آخر و هو مكان وضعك للإعلان !نعم مكان وضع الإعلان و اختيار المقاسات و غيرها من الأشياء مهم جدا جدا .فلا تجعل موقعك كلوحة إعلانات و سطرين فقط في أسفل الصفحة يتحدث عن موضوع ما، فهذا أسلوب فاشل و نهايته إلغاء الحساب طبعا.يجب علينا أن نهتم بمضمون الموقع أولا و أن يكون غزيرا بالمعلومات و مفيد، ثانيا أن نعرف كيف نضع هذه الإعلانات في الموقع، و نعرف كيف نجذب الزائر إلى موقعك.إن استطعت أن تحقق هذه الشروط فانا اضمن لك النجاح إن شاء الله. بعض المواقع تربح 200-300 دولار يوميا من إعلانات جوجل ادسنس فقط فلماذا لا نكون منهم !((( و هذه خدمة الشبكة ادسنس لإنشاء موقع جاهز لجوجل ادسنس بالا كواد )))و بالتوفيق إن شاء الله
Friday, July 27, 2007
قنبلــٌـة آلحصـُـريـآت آلبــوم " آحمـَـد سعـَـد " بعنـوآن " وحشتنـُـيً عيـونـك
01. Hob Be Alby2. Almeny Al Hob3. Alnaharda Zay Bokra4. Amanah Ya Habiby5. Ananyh6. Ba3d Elly Mabena7. Fein8. Garahona9. Kefaya Keda10. Kel Leil11. Washetny 3oyonak12. Yakhsara
http://rapidshare.com/files/45334201/Ahmad-Sa3d_-_Washetny-3oyonak.zip.html
http://rapidshare.com/files/45334201/Ahmad-Sa3d_-_Washetny-3oyonak.zip.html
Monday, July 23, 2007
Speculation vs investment
It is very important that the individual wanting to trade foreign exchange be aware of the very marked difference between speculation and investment. Forex trading is by nature a speculative occupation. Foreign exchange markets are amongst the most volatile markets in the world. When traded on a margined basis they effectively become the most volatile in the world. Day trading in foreign exchange can be extremely profitable and high-risk profile traders can generate huge percentage returns even overnight. Day trading is however a mentally and psychologically challenging activity and is by no means meant for everyone. Day trading is essentially speculation and day traders essentially only do that: day trading. Most people who trade foreign exchange are not professional day traders however.
Often the contractors of foreign exchange brokerage services are professionals in some capacity or other. These people do not day trade but take the occasional position from time to time. This is also speculation and should not be confused with making an investment.
The conclusion here is that the nature of foreign exchange trading not lend itself as much to investment as it does to speculation and hedging (hedging may be performed in forward instruments). It is possible in a sense to make an investment in foreign exchange over a long-term period but this necessitates a large account value and low leveraging.
Often the contractors of foreign exchange brokerage services are professionals in some capacity or other. These people do not day trade but take the occasional position from time to time. This is also speculation and should not be confused with making an investment.
The conclusion here is that the nature of foreign exchange trading not lend itself as much to investment as it does to speculation and hedging (hedging may be performed in forward instruments). It is possible in a sense to make an investment in foreign exchange over a long-term period but this necessitates a large account value and low leveraging.
Market dynamics
The breadth, depth, and liquidity of the market are truly impressive. It has been estimated that the world's most active exchange rates like EURUSD and USDJPY can change up to 18,000 times during a single day.
Somewhere on the planet, financial centers are open for business, and banks and other institutions are trading the dollar and other currencies, every hour of the day and night, aside from possible minor gaps on weekends. In financial centers around the world, business hours overlap; as some centers close, others open and begin to trade.
The foreign exchange market follows the sun around the earth. Each business day arrives first in the Asia-Pacific financial centers; first Wellington, New Zealand, then Sydney, Australia, followed by Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Singapore. A few hours later, while markets remain active in those Asian centers, trading begins in Bahrain and elsewhere in the Middle East. Later still, when it is late in the business day in Tokyo, markets in Europe open for business. Subsequently, when it is early afternoon in Europe, trading in New York and other U.S. centers starts. Finally, completing the circle, when it is middle or late afternoon in the United States, the next day has arrived in the Asia-Pacific area, the first markets there have opened, and the process begins again.
The graph underneath displays not only the currency trading time cycle but also the average 'depth' of trading at different times during the day in the various business hours.
1. Spot rate
A spot transaction is a straightforward (or outright) exchange of one currency for another. The spot rate is the current market price or 'cash' rate. Spot transactions do not require immediate settlement, or payment 'on the spot'. By convention, the settlement date, or value date, is the second business day after the deal date on which the transaction is made by the two parties.
2. Bid & ask
In the foreign exchange market (and essentially in all markets) there is a buying and selling price. It is important to perceive these prices as a reflection of market condition.
A market maker is expected to quote simultaneously for his customers both a price at which he is willing to buy (the bid) and a price at which he is willing to sell (the ask) standard amounts of any currency for which he is making a market.
ACM quotes very competitive spreads to customers, to site an example if a trader is interested in a transaction in EURUSD then he can trade on a bid/ask of say 0.9150 / 0.9153. This means that ACM is willing to buy from him a pre-determined amount at 0.9150 or inversely to sell to him at 0.9153.
Generally speaking the difference between the bid and ask rates reflect the level of liquidity in a certain instrument. On a normal trading day, the major currency pairs EURUSD, USDJPY, USDCHF and GBPUSD are traded by a multitude of market participant every few seconds. High liquidity means that there is always a seller for your buy and a buyer for your sell at actual prices.
3. Base currency and counter currency
Every foreign exchange transaction involves two currencies. It is important to keep straight which is the base currency and which is the counter currency. The counter currency is the numerator and the base currency is the denominator. When the counter currency increases, the base currency strengthens and becomes more expensive. When the counter currency decreases, the base currency weakens and becomes cheaper. In telephone trading communications, the base currency is always stated first. For example, a quotation for USDJPY means the US dollar is the base and the yen is the counter currency. In the case of GBPUSD (usually called 'cable') the British pound is the base and the US dollar is the counter currency.
4. Quotes in terms of base currency
Traders always think in terms of how much it costs to buy or sell the base currency. When a quote of 0.9150 / 53 is given that means that a trader can buy EUR against USD at 0.9153. If he is buying EURUSD for 1'000'000 at that rate he would have USD 915'300 in exchange for his million Euro. Of course traders are not actually interested in exchanging large amounts of different currency, their main focus is to buy at a low rate and sell at higher one.
5. Basis points or 'pips'
For most currencies, bid and offer quotes are carried down to the fourth decimal place. That represents one-hundredth of one percent, or 1/10,000th of the counter currency unit, usually called a 'pip'. However, for a few currency units that are relatively small in absolute value, such as the Japanese yen, quotes may be carried down to two decimal places and a 'pip' is 1/100th of the terms currency unit. In foreign exchange, a 'pip' is the smallest amount by which a price may fluctuate in that market.
6. Euro cross & cross rates
Euro cross rates are currency pairs that involve the Euro currency versus another currency. Examples of Euro crosses are EURJPY, EURCHF and GBPEUR. Currency pairs that involve neither the Euro nor the US dollar are called cross rates. Examples of cross rates are GBPJPY and CHFJPY. Of course hundreds of cross rates exist involving exotic currency pairs but they are often plagued by low liquidity. Ever since the Euro the number of liquid cross rates have decreased and have been replaced (to a certain extent) by Euro crosses.
Somewhere on the planet, financial centers are open for business, and banks and other institutions are trading the dollar and other currencies, every hour of the day and night, aside from possible minor gaps on weekends. In financial centers around the world, business hours overlap; as some centers close, others open and begin to trade.
The foreign exchange market follows the sun around the earth. Each business day arrives first in the Asia-Pacific financial centers; first Wellington, New Zealand, then Sydney, Australia, followed by Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Singapore. A few hours later, while markets remain active in those Asian centers, trading begins in Bahrain and elsewhere in the Middle East. Later still, when it is late in the business day in Tokyo, markets in Europe open for business. Subsequently, when it is early afternoon in Europe, trading in New York and other U.S. centers starts. Finally, completing the circle, when it is middle or late afternoon in the United States, the next day has arrived in the Asia-Pacific area, the first markets there have opened, and the process begins again.
The graph underneath displays not only the currency trading time cycle but also the average 'depth' of trading at different times during the day in the various business hours.
1. Spot rate
A spot transaction is a straightforward (or outright) exchange of one currency for another. The spot rate is the current market price or 'cash' rate. Spot transactions do not require immediate settlement, or payment 'on the spot'. By convention, the settlement date, or value date, is the second business day after the deal date on which the transaction is made by the two parties.
2. Bid & ask
In the foreign exchange market (and essentially in all markets) there is a buying and selling price. It is important to perceive these prices as a reflection of market condition.
A market maker is expected to quote simultaneously for his customers both a price at which he is willing to buy (the bid) and a price at which he is willing to sell (the ask) standard amounts of any currency for which he is making a market.
ACM quotes very competitive spreads to customers, to site an example if a trader is interested in a transaction in EURUSD then he can trade on a bid/ask of say 0.9150 / 0.9153. This means that ACM is willing to buy from him a pre-determined amount at 0.9150 or inversely to sell to him at 0.9153.
Generally speaking the difference between the bid and ask rates reflect the level of liquidity in a certain instrument. On a normal trading day, the major currency pairs EURUSD, USDJPY, USDCHF and GBPUSD are traded by a multitude of market participant every few seconds. High liquidity means that there is always a seller for your buy and a buyer for your sell at actual prices.
3. Base currency and counter currency
Every foreign exchange transaction involves two currencies. It is important to keep straight which is the base currency and which is the counter currency. The counter currency is the numerator and the base currency is the denominator. When the counter currency increases, the base currency strengthens and becomes more expensive. When the counter currency decreases, the base currency weakens and becomes cheaper. In telephone trading communications, the base currency is always stated first. For example, a quotation for USDJPY means the US dollar is the base and the yen is the counter currency. In the case of GBPUSD (usually called 'cable') the British pound is the base and the US dollar is the counter currency.
4. Quotes in terms of base currency
Traders always think in terms of how much it costs to buy or sell the base currency. When a quote of 0.9150 / 53 is given that means that a trader can buy EUR against USD at 0.9153. If he is buying EURUSD for 1'000'000 at that rate he would have USD 915'300 in exchange for his million Euro. Of course traders are not actually interested in exchanging large amounts of different currency, their main focus is to buy at a low rate and sell at higher one.
5. Basis points or 'pips'
For most currencies, bid and offer quotes are carried down to the fourth decimal place. That represents one-hundredth of one percent, or 1/10,000th of the counter currency unit, usually called a 'pip'. However, for a few currency units that are relatively small in absolute value, such as the Japanese yen, quotes may be carried down to two decimal places and a 'pip' is 1/100th of the terms currency unit. In foreign exchange, a 'pip' is the smallest amount by which a price may fluctuate in that market.
6. Euro cross & cross rates
Euro cross rates are currency pairs that involve the Euro currency versus another currency. Examples of Euro crosses are EURJPY, EURCHF and GBPEUR. Currency pairs that involve neither the Euro nor the US dollar are called cross rates. Examples of cross rates are GBPJPY and CHFJPY. Of course hundreds of cross rates exist involving exotic currency pairs but they are often plagued by low liquidity. Ever since the Euro the number of liquid cross rates have decreased and have been replaced (to a certain extent) by Euro crosses.
Main forex markets
Foreign exchange is traded essentially in two distinctive ways. Over an organized exchange and 'over the counter'. Exchange traded foreign exchange represents a very small portion of the total foreign exchange market the great majority of foreign exchange deals being traded between banks and other market participants 'over the counter'.
1. Exchange traded currencies
In the case of an organized exchange like the Chicago Mercantile exchange (CME) in the US, standardized currency contract sizes that represent a certain monetary value are traded in the International money market (IMM). A central clearing house organizes matching of transactions between counter-parties. There are various disadvantages to trading currency futures as outlined in the chapter Advantages of trading FX.
2. Forex market
In comparison the over the counter market is traded around the world by a multitude of participants and price quality, reputation and trading conditions determine who a participant wishes to trade with. It is probably the most competitive market in the world and brokers like ACM must insure they live up to the highest standards of service and be compliant with market standards and practices if they want to acquire new customers and retain their existing ones. In 1998 a survey under the auspices of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), global turnover of reporting dealers was estimated at about USD 1.49 trillion per day. In comparison, currency futures turnover was estimated at USD 12 billion.
Among the various financial centers around the world, the largest amount of foreign exchange trading takes place in the United Kingdom, even though that nation's currency, the British pound is less widely traded in the market than several others. As shown in the graph underneath, the United Kingdom accounts for about 32 percent of the global total; the United States ranks a distant second with about 18 percent, and Japan is third with 8 percent.
1. Exchange traded currencies
In the case of an organized exchange like the Chicago Mercantile exchange (CME) in the US, standardized currency contract sizes that represent a certain monetary value are traded in the International money market (IMM). A central clearing house organizes matching of transactions between counter-parties. There are various disadvantages to trading currency futures as outlined in the chapter Advantages of trading FX.
2. Forex market
In comparison the over the counter market is traded around the world by a multitude of participants and price quality, reputation and trading conditions determine who a participant wishes to trade with. It is probably the most competitive market in the world and brokers like ACM must insure they live up to the highest standards of service and be compliant with market standards and practices if they want to acquire new customers and retain their existing ones. In 1998 a survey under the auspices of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), global turnover of reporting dealers was estimated at about USD 1.49 trillion per day. In comparison, currency futures turnover was estimated at USD 12 billion.
Among the various financial centers around the world, the largest amount of foreign exchange trading takes place in the United Kingdom, even though that nation's currency, the British pound is less widely traded in the market than several others. As shown in the graph underneath, the United Kingdom accounts for about 32 percent of the global total; the United States ranks a distant second with about 18 percent, and Japan is third with 8 percent.
Market participants
In the last years, the foreign exchange market has expanded from one where banks would execute transactions between themselves to one in which many other kinds of financial institutions like brokers and market-makers participate including non-financial corporations, investment firms, pension funds and hedge funds.
Its' focus has broadened from servicing importers and exporters to handling the vast amounts of overseas investment and other capital flows that currently take place. Lately foreign exchange day trading has become increasingly popular and various firms offer trading facilities to the small investor.
Foreign exchange is an 'over the counter' (OTC) market, that means that there is no central exchange and clearing house where orders are matched. Geographic trading 'centers' exist around the world however and are: (in order of importance) London, New York, Tokyo, Singapore, Frankfurt, Geneva & Zurich, Paris and Hong Kong. Essentially foreign exchange deals are made between participants on the basis of trust and reputation to deliver on an agreement. In the case of banks trading with one another, they do so solely on that basis. In the retail market, customers demand a written legally accepted contract between themselves and their broker in exchange of a deposit of funds on which basis the customer may trade.
Some market participants may be involved in the 'goods' market, conducting international transactions for the purchase or sale of merchandise. Some may be engaged in 'direct investment' in plant and equipment, or may be in the 'money market,' trading short-term debt instruments internationally. The various investors, hedgers, and speculators may be focused on any time period, from a few minutes to several years. But, whether official or private, and whether their motive be investing, hedging, speculating, arbitraging, paying for imports, or seeking to influence the rate, they are all part of the aggregate demand for and supply of the currencies involved, and they all play a role in determining the exchange rate at that moment
Its' focus has broadened from servicing importers and exporters to handling the vast amounts of overseas investment and other capital flows that currently take place. Lately foreign exchange day trading has become increasingly popular and various firms offer trading facilities to the small investor.
Foreign exchange is an 'over the counter' (OTC) market, that means that there is no central exchange and clearing house where orders are matched. Geographic trading 'centers' exist around the world however and are: (in order of importance) London, New York, Tokyo, Singapore, Frankfurt, Geneva & Zurich, Paris and Hong Kong. Essentially foreign exchange deals are made between participants on the basis of trust and reputation to deliver on an agreement. In the case of banks trading with one another, they do so solely on that basis. In the retail market, customers demand a written legally accepted contract between themselves and their broker in exchange of a deposit of funds on which basis the customer may trade.
Some market participants may be involved in the 'goods' market, conducting international transactions for the purchase or sale of merchandise. Some may be engaged in 'direct investment' in plant and equipment, or may be in the 'money market,' trading short-term debt instruments internationally. The various investors, hedgers, and speculators may be focused on any time period, from a few minutes to several years. But, whether official or private, and whether their motive be investing, hedging, speculating, arbitraging, paying for imports, or seeking to influence the rate, they are all part of the aggregate demand for and supply of the currencies involved, and they all play a role in determining the exchange rate at that moment
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